Pain in Long-Term Cancer Survivors: Prevalence and Impact in a Cohort Composed Mostly of Breast Cancer Survivors.

Cancer survival is becoming more common which means that there is now a growing population of cancer survivors, in whom pain may be common. However, its prevalence has hardly been addressed systematically. We aimed to assess the prevalence and explore the pathophysiology and impact of pain on health outcomes in cancer survivors. We conducted a retrospective-prospective cohort study in cancer-free patients diagnosed with cancer at least five years before the study start date. We used multivariable regression to establish the association of patients' cancer characteristics with pain, and then the association of patients' pain features with health outcomes and related symptoms. Between March and July 2021, 278 long-term cancer survivors were evaluated. Almost half of them (130/278, 46.8%) had pain, of whom 58.9% had a probable neuropathic component, but only 18 (13.8%) were taking specific drugs for neuropathic pain. A history of surgery-related pain syndrome in breast cancer patients was more than twice as frequent in the pain cohort. Post-chemotherapy and post-radiotherapy pain syndromes were uncommon. Pain was associated with lower QoL, emotional functioning, professional performance, and disability scores. Pain is a frequent health determinant in cancer survivors. Referral to specialised pain services may be a reasonable move in some cases.

Distribution of PD-L1, TROP2 and HER2- "lowness" in early triple-negative breast cancer: an opportunity for treatment de-escalation.

BACKGROUND: HER2, TROP2 and PD-L1 are novel targets in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The combined expression status of these targets, and whether they can define prognostic subgroups, is currently undefined. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to determine HER2, TROP2 and PD-L1 levels in 459 TNBC cases, that received in the adjuvant/neoadjuvant setting active surveillance, CMF, anthracycline-, anthracycline plus taxane-, or carboplatin-containing regimes. RESULTS: HER2-low patients with PD-L1 > 1 CPS (double-positive, herein "DP") had a mean PFS of 4768 days (95% CI: 4267-5268) versus 3522 days (95% CI: 3184-3861) for non-DP patients (P = 0.002). Regarding the received adjuvant treatment, DP patients (versus non-DP) receiving anthracyclines plus taxanes exhibited a mean PFS time of 4726 (95% CI: 4022-5430) versus 3302 (95% CI: 2818-3785) days (P = 0.039). Finally, 100% of DP patients that received a carboplatin-based regimen were long-term disease-free. CONCLUSIONS: Early HER2-low, PD-L1-positive TNBC patients have a very good prognosis, particularly if treated with anthracycline/taxane- or carboplatin-containing regimes.

Usefulness and real-world outcomes of next generation sequencing testing in patients with cancer: an observational study on the impact of selection based on clinical judgement.

Background: Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) panels are increasingly used in advanced patients with cancer to guide therapy. There is, however, controversy about when should these panels be used, and about their impact on the clinical course. Methods: In an observational study of 139 patients with cancer having an NGS test [from January 1st, 2017 to December 30th, 2020, in two hospitals (Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Hospital Universitario Quironsalud Madrid) from Spain], we evaluated whether the clinical course (progression-free survival, PFS) was influenced by drug-based criteria [druggable alterations, receiving a recommended drug, having a favourable ESCAT category (ESMO Scale for Clinical Actionability of molecular Targets)] or clinical judgement criteria. Findings: In 111 of 139 cases that were successfully profiled, PFS was not significantly influenced by either having druggable alterations [median PFS for patients with druggable alterations was 170 (95% C.I.: 139-200) days compared to 299 (95% C.I.: 114-483) for those without; p = 0.37], receiving a proposed matching agent [median PFS for patients receiving a genomics-informed drug was 195 days (95% C.I.: 144-245), compared with 156 days for those that did not (95% C.I.: 85-226); p = 0.50], or having favourable ESCAT categories [median PFS for patients with ESCAT I-III was 183 days (95% C.I.: 104-261), compared with 180 (95% C.I.:144-215) for patients with ESCAT IV-X; p = 0.87]. In contrast, NGS testing performed within clinical judgement showed a significantly improved PFS [median PFS for patients that were profiled under the recommended scenarios was 319 days (95% C.I.: 0-658), compared to 123 days (95% C.I.: 89-156) in the non-recommended categories; p = 0.0020]. Interpretation: According to our data, real-world outcomes after NGS testing provide evidence of the benefit of clinical judgement in patients with either advanced cancers that routinely need multiple genetic markers, patients with advanced rare cancers, or patients that are screened for molecular clinical trials. By contrast, NGS does not seem to be valuable when performed in cases with a poor PS, rapidly progressing cancer, short expected lifetime, or cases with no standard therapeutic options. Funding: RC, NR-L and MQF are recipients of the PMP22/00032 grant, funded by the ISCIII and co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The study also received funds from the CRIS Contra el Cancer Foundation.

Tumor P70S6K hyperactivation is inversely associated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancer.

PURPOSE: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by large heterogeneity and relative lack of available targeted therapies. To find therapeutic strategies for distinct patients with TNBC, several approaches have been used for TNBC clustering, including recently immune and phosphoproteomic patterns. Based on 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (P70S6K)-TNBC clustering, the current study explores the immune profiling in TNBC tumors. METHODS: Stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs) were evaluated in human TNBC tumor samples. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry staining for CD8, CD4, Foxp3, and CD20 was performed in tissue microarrays (TMA) sections. RESULTS: Histological analysis showed decreased sTILs, CD20+ cells, and CD8+/CD4+ ratio in high phosphorylated P70S6K (p-P70S6K) tumors. Moreover, p-P70S6K score was directly correlated with CD4+ and Foxp3+ T cells, while it was inversely correlated with CD8+/CD4+ and CD8+/Foxp3+ ratios. CONCLUSION: sTIL infiltration and lymphocyte profiling vary in the context of hyperactivation of P70S6K in TNBC tumors.

Excess weight and anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor’s outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are one of the most effective treatments available in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. However, at present, there are no clinical or analytical biomarkers that define which patients benefit with certainty from these treatments. In our study, we evaluated whether excess weight could be a good predictive biomarker of benefit from these drugs.MethodsWe studied a population of 79 patients, divided into a study group with 39 patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer treated with immunotherapy and 40 patients in a control group, diagnosed with different advanced cancers, treated with non-immunotherapy treatment. We analyzed according to the presence of excess weight or not, the treatment’s outcome in the study group and in the control group (objective response, and progression-free and overall survival).ResultsIn our study, we detected a better response rate to immunotherapy in patients with excess weight (62.50 vs 26.08%, OR 4.72, p = 0.02), and a better median progression-free survival (14.19 vs 5.03 months, HR 0.50, p = 0.058) and median overall survival (33.84 months vs 20.76 months, HR 0.43, p = 0.01) in the study group. These findings were specific to the immunotherapy group since in the control group, with patients who did not receive immune checkpoint inhibitors, these findings were not found.ConclusionOur study suggests that patients with excess weight who receive anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer have a better outcome. This effect is specific to patients receiving immunotherapy. (AU)

Excess weight and anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor's outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE: Immune checkpoint inhibitors are one of the most effective treatments available in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. However, at present, there are no clinical or analytical biomarkers that define which patients benefit with certainty from these treatments. In our study, we evaluated whether excess weight could be a good predictive biomarker of benefit from these drugs. METHODS: We studied a population of 79 patients, divided into a study group with 39 patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer treated with immunotherapy and 40 patients in a control group, diagnosed with different advanced cancers, treated with non-immunotherapy treatment. We analyzed according to the presence of excess weight or not, the treatment's outcome in the study group and in the control group (objective response, and progression-free and overall survival). RESULTS: In our study, we detected a better response rate to immunotherapy in patients with excess weight (62.50 vs 26.08%, OR 4.72, p = 0.02), and a better median progression-free survival (14.19 vs 5.03 months, HR 0.50, p = 0.058) and median overall survival (33.84 months vs 20.76 months, HR 0.43, p = 0.01) in the study group. These findings were specific to the immunotherapy group since in the control group, with patients who did not receive immune checkpoint inhibitors, these findings were not found. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that patients with excess weight who receive anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer have a better outcome. This effect is specific to patients receiving immunotherapy.

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Predict Therapeutic Efficacy of Immunotherapy in NSCLC.

In lung cancer immunotherapy, biomarkers to guide clinical decisions are limited. We now explore whether the detailed immunophenotyping of circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can predict the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We determined 107 PBMCs subpopulations in a prospective cohort of NSCLC patients before starting single-agent anti-PD-1 immunotherapy (study group), analyzed by flow cytometry. As a control group, we studied patients with advanced malignancies before initiating non-immunotherapy treatment. The frequency of PBMCs was correlated with treatment outcome. Patients were categorized as having either high or low expression for each biomarker, defined as those above the 55th or below the 45th percentile of the overall marker expression within the cohort. In the study group, three subpopulations were associated with significant differences in outcome: high pretreatment levels of circulating CD4+CCR9+, CD4+CCR10+, or CD8+CXCR4+ T cells correlated with poorer overall survival (15.7 vs. 35.9 months, HR 0.16, p = 0.003; 22.0 vs. NR months, HR 0.10, p = 0.003, and 22.0 vs. NR months, HR 0.29, p = 0.02). These differences were specific to immunotherapy-treated patients. High baseline levels of circulating T cell subpopulations related to tissue lymphocyte recruitment are associated with poorer outcomes of immunotherapy-treated advanced NSCLC patients.

The Homologous Recombination Deficiency Scar in Advanced Cancer: Agnostic Targeting of Damaged DNA Repair.

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the most recognized tumor-suppressor genes involved in double-strand DNA break repair through the homologous recombination (HR) system. Widely known for its role in hereditary cancer, HR deficiency (HRD) has turned out to be critical beyond breast and ovarian cancer: for prostate and pancreatic cancer also. The relevance for the identification of these patients exceeds diagnostic purposes, since results published from clinical trials with poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) have shown how this type of targeted therapy can modify the long-term evolution of patients with HRD. Somatic aberrations in other HRD pathway genes, but also indirect genomic instability as a sign of this DNA repair impairment (known as HRD scar), have been reported to be relevant events that lead to more frequently than expected HR loss of function in several tumor types, and should therefore be included in the current diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm. However, the optimal strategy to identify HRD and potential PARPi responders in cancer remains undefined. In this review, we summarize the role and prevalence of HRD across tumor types and the current treatment landscape to guide the agnostic targeting of damaged DNA repair. We also discuss the challenge of testing patients and provide a special insight for new strategies to select patients who benefit from PARPi due to HRD scarring.

BERENICE Final Analysis: Cardiac Safety Study of Neoadjuvant Pertuzumab, Trastuzumab, and Chemotherapy Followed by Adjuvant Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab in HER2-Positive Early Breast Cancer.

BERENICE (NCT02132949) assessed the cardiac safety of the neoadjuvant−adjuvant pertuzumab−trastuzumab-based therapy for high-risk, HER2-positive early breast cancer (EBC). We describe key secondary objectives at final analysis. Eligible patients received dose-dense doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide q2w × 4 ➝ paclitaxel qw × 12 (Cohort A) or 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide q3w × 4 ➝ docetaxel q3w × 4 (B) as per physician's choice. Pertuzumab−trastuzumab (q3w) was initiated from the taxane start and continued post-surgery to complete 1 year. Median follow-up: 64.5 months. There were no new cardiac issues and a low incidence of Class III/IV heart failure (Cohort B only: one patient (0.5%) in the adjuvant and treatment-free follow-up (TFFU) periods). Fourteen patients (7.7%) had LVEF declines of ≥10% points from baseline to <50% in Cohort A, as did 20 (10.5%) in B during the adjuvant period (12 (6.2%) in A and 7 (3.6%) in B during TFFU). The five-year event-free survival rates in Cohorts A and B were 90.8% (95% CI: 86.5, 95.2) and 89.2% (84.8, 93.6), respectively. The five-year overall survival rates were 96.1% (95% CI: 93.3, 98.9) and 93.8% (90.3, 97.2), respectively. The final analysis of BERENICE further supports pertuzumab−trastuzumab-based therapies as standard of care for high-risk, HER2-positive EBC.

Emotional Distress in Cancer Patients During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused mental health problems worldwide. The psychopathological implications of COVID-19 in cancer patients have rarely been addressed. Considering the increased vulnerability of oncology patients, this issue needs to be addressed to improve the long-term mental health status of these patients. Methods: We conducted a prospective study in outpatients under active cancer treatment during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. A semi-structured 24-question survey was designed to measure baseline sociodemographic, psychosocial and COVID-19 exposure characteristics. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to measure psychological symptoms. A descriptive and analytical univariate analysis of the variables studied was performed. We used the Z-score to compare different populations (experimental and historical control cohort). Results: 104 patients were included, the majority of which were women (64.4%), were above 65 years of age (57.7%), had either lung and breast cancer (56.7%), had advanced disease (64%) and were undergoing chemotherapy (63.5%). 51% of them expressed greater fear of cancer than of COVID-19 infection or both. In relation to HADS, 52.8% of emotional distress, 42.3% of anxiety and 58.6% of depression rates were detected. The main factors related with higher rates of psychological symptomatology were history of previous psychotropic drug consumption and the adoption of additional infection prevention measures because they considered themselves at risk of severe COVID-19 infection (p = 0.008; p = 0.003 for emotional distress, p = 0.026; p = 0.004 for anxiety, and p = 0.013; p = 0.008 for depression). Tumor type, stage, oncologic treatment or rescheduling of cancer treatments were not related to higher levels of psychological symptomatology. Comparison of our results with another population of similar characteristics was not significant (Z score = -1.88; p = 0.060). Conclusions: We detected high rates of emotional distress during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic among cancer patients in active treatment (52.8%). This was higher and clinically relevant than observed in a comparable population (42.5%), although not significant. Cancer itself is the main factor of concern for cancer patients, above and beyond the emotional distress generated by COVID-19 pandemic.

[Multidisciplinary consensus on optimizing the detection of NTRK gene alterations in tumours]. / Consenso multidisciplinar para optimizar la determinación de alteraciones del gen NTRK.

The recent identification of rearrangements of neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) genes and the development of specific fusion protein inhibitors, such as larotrectinib and entrectinib, have revolutionized the diagnostic and clinical management of patients presenting with tumours with these alterations. Tumours that harbour NTRK fusions are found in both adults and children and are either rare tumours with common NTRK fusions that may be diagnostic, or more common tumours with rare NTRK fusions. To assess the currently available evidence, 3key Spanish medical societies (the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM), the Spanish Society of Pathology (SEAP) and the Spanish Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology (SEHOP) have brought together a group of experts to develop a consensus document that includes guidelines on the diagnostic, clinical and therapeutic aspects of NTRK-fusion tumours. It also discusses the challenges related to the routine detection of these genetic alterations in a mostly public health care system.

The Pharmacological or Genetic Blockade of Endogenous De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis Does Not Increase the Uptake of Exogenous Lipids in Ovarian Cancer Cells.

Ovarian cancer(OC) is a serious threat to women worldwide. Peritoneal dissemination, ascites and omental metastasis are typical features for disease progression, which occurs in a micro-environment that is rich in high-energy lipids. OC cells require high amounts of lipids for survival and growth. Not only do they import lipids from the host, they also produce lipids de novo. Inhibitors of fatty acid(FA) synthase(FASN) - the rate-limiting enzyme of endogenous FA synthesis that is overexpressed in OC - induce growth-arrest and apoptosis, rendering them promising candidates for cancer drug development. However, cancer researchers have long hypothesized that the lipid deficiency caused by FASN inhibition can be circumvented by increasing the uptake of exogenous lipids from the host, which would confer resistance to FASN inhibitors. In contrast to a very recent report in colorectal cancer, we demonstrate in OC cells (A2780, OVCAR3, SKOV3) that neither FASN inhibitors (G28UCM, Fasnall) nor FASN-specific siRNAs can stimulate a relief pathway leading to enhanced uptake of extrinsic FAs or low density lipoproteins (LDLs). Instead, we observed that the growth-arrest due to FASN inhibition or FASN knock-down was associated with significant dose- and time-dependent reduction in the uptake of fluorescently labeled FAs and LDLs. Western blotting showed that the expression of the FA receptor CD36, the LDL receptor(LDLR) and the lipid transport proteins fatty acid binding proteins 1-9 (FABP1-9) was not affected by the treatment. Next, we compared experimental blockade of endogenous lipid production with physiologic depletion of exogenous lipids. Lipid-free media, similar to FASN inhibitors, caused growth-arrest. Although lipid-depleted cells have diminished amounts of CD36, LDLR and FABPs, they can still activate a restorative pathway that causes enhanced import of fluorophore-labeled FAs and LDLs. Overall, our data show that OC cells are strictly lipid-depend and exquisitely sensitive to FASN inhibitors, providing a strong rationale for developing anti-FASN strategies for clinical use against OC.

FGFR1 amplification or overexpression and hormonal resistance in luminal breast cancer: rationale for a triple blockade of ER, CDK4/6, and FGFR1.

BACKGROUND: FGFR1 amplification, but not overexpression, has been related to adverse prognosis in hormone-positive breast cancer (HRPBC). Whether FGFR1 overexpression and amplification are correlated, what is their distribution among luminal A or B HRPBC, and if there is a potential different prognostic role for amplification and overexpression are currently unknown features. The role of FGFR1 inhibitors in HRPBC is also unclear. METHODS: FGFR1 amplification (FISH) and overexpression (RNAscope) were investigated in a N = 251 HRPBC patients cohort and the METABRIC cohort; effects on survival and FISH-RNAscope concordance were determined. We generated hormonal deprivation resistant (LTED-R) and FGFR1-overexpressing cell line variants of the ER+ MCF7 and T47-D and the ER+, FGFR1-amplified HCC1428 cell lines. The role of ER, CDK4/6, and/or FGFR1 blockade alone or in combinations in Rb phosphorylation, cell cycle, and survival were studied. RESULTS: FGFR1 overexpression and amplification was non-concordant in > 20% of the patients, but both were associated to a similar relapse risk (~ 2.5-fold; P < 0.05). FGFR1 amplification or overexpression occurred regardless of the luminal subtype, but the incidence was higher in luminal B (16.3%) than A (6.6%) tumors; P < 0.05. The Kappa index for overexpression and amplification was 0.69 (P < 0.001). Twenty-four per cent of the patients showed either amplification and/or overexpression of FGFR1, what was associated to a hazard ratio for relapse of 2.6 (95% CI 1.44-4.62, P < 0.001). In vitro, hormonal deprivation led to FGFR1 overexpression. Primary FGFR1 amplification, engineered mRNA overexpression, or LTED-R-acquired FGFR1 overexpression led to resistance against hormonotherapy alone or in combination with the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib. Blocking FGFR1 with the kinase-inhibitor rogaratinib led to suppression of Rb phosphorylation, abrogation of the cell cycle, and resistance-reversion in all FGFR1 models. CONCLUSIONS: FGFR1 amplification and overexpression are associated to similar adverse prognosis in hormone-positive breast cancer. Capturing all the patients with adverse prognosis-linked FGFR1 aberrations requires assessing both features. Hormonal deprivation leads to FGFR1 overexpression, and FGFR1 overexpression and/or amplification are associated with resistance to hormonal monotherapy or in combination with palbociclib. Both resistances are reverted with triple ER, CDK4/6, and FGFR1 blockade.

Fixed-dose combination of pertuzumab and trastuzumab for subcutaneous injection plus chemotherapy in HER2-positive early breast cancer (FeDeriCa): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, non-inferiority, phase 3 study.

BACKGROUND: A subcutaneous formulation of pertuzumab and trastuzumab with recombinant human hyaluronidase in one ready-to-use, fixed-dose combination vial (pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and hyaluronidase-zzxf) was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 29, 2020. We report the primary analysis of the FeDeriCa study, which was designed to assess the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of the fixed-dose subcutaneous formulation compared to intravenous pertuzumab plus trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer in the neoadjuvant-adjuvant setting. METHODS: FeDeriCa, a randomised, open-label, international, multicentre, non-inferiority, phase 3 study, was done across 106 sites in 19 countries. Patients aged 18 years or older with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1, HER2-positive, operable, locally advanced, or inflammatory stage II-IIIC breast cancer, and a left ventricular ejection fraction of 55% or more were randomly assigned (1:1), using a voice-based or web-based response system, to receive intravenous pertuzumab (840 mg loading dose, followed by 420 mg maintenance doses) plus intravenous trastuzumab (8 mg/kg loading dose, followed by 6 mg/kg maintenance doses) or the fixed-dose combination of pertuzumab and trastuzumab for subcutaneous injection (1200 mg pertuzumab plus 600 mg trastuzumab loading dose in 15 mL, followed by 600 mg pertuzumab plus 600 mg trastuzumab maintenance doses in 10 mL), both administered every 3 weeks with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients were stratified by hormone receptor status, clinical stage, and chemotherapy regimen. The investigator selected one of the two protocol-approved standard chemotherapy regimens before randomisation. Four cycles of HER2-targeted therapy were administered concurrently with the taxane. After surgery, patients continued the HER2-targeted therapy to receive an additional 14 cycles (total of 18). The primary endpoint was non-inferiority of the cycle 7 pertuzumab serum trough concentration (Ctrough; ie, cycle 8 predose pertuzumab concentration) within the fixed-dose combination for subcutaneous injection versus intravenous pertuzumab plus trastuzumab in the per-protocol pharmacokinetic population (all enrolled patients who adhered to prespecified criteria for pharmacokinetic assessment). Non-inferiority was concluded if the lower bound of the 90% CI of the geometric mean ratio was 0·8 or higher. The safety population included all patients who received at least one dose of study medication, including chemotherapy or HER2-targeted therapy. Enrolment, neoadjuvant therapy, and surgery have been completed; adjuvant treatment and follow-up are ongoing. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03493854. FINDINGS: Between June 14, 2018, and Dec 24, 2018, 252 patients were randomly assigned to the intravenous infusion group and 248 to the fixed-dose combination group. The geometric mean ratio of pertuzumab serum Ctrough subcutaneous to serum Ctrough intravenous was 1·22 (90% CI 1·14-1·31). The most common grade 3-4 adverse events occurring during neoadjuvant treatment with HER2-targeted therapy plus chemotherapy in 5% or more of patients were neutropenia (34 [13%] of 252 patients in the intravenous infusion group vs 35 [14%] of 248 patients in the fixed-dose combination group), decreased neutrophil count (31 [12%] vs 27 [11%]), febrile neutropenia (14 [6%] vs 16 [6%]), diarrhoea (12 [5%] vs 17 [7%]), and decreased white blood cell count (18 [7%] vs nine [4%]). At least one treatment-related serious adverse event was reported in 25 (10%) patients in the intravenous infusion group and 26 (10%) patients in the fixed-dose combination group. One patient in each treatment group had an adverse event that led to death (urosepsis in the intravenous infusion group and acute myocardial infarction in the fixed-dose combination group); neither death was related to HER2-targeted therapy. INTERPRETATION: The study met its primary endpoint: the fixed-dose combination of pertuzumab and trastuzumab for subcutaneous injection provides non-inferior cycle 7 pertuzumab serum Ctrough concentrations to intravenous pertuzumab plus trastuzumab in the neoadjuvant setting with comparable total pathological complete response rates, supporting the FDA approval. Safety was similar between treatment groups, and in line with other pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and chemotherapy trials. Follow-up is ongoing for long-term outcomes, including efficacy and long-term safety. FUNDING: F Hoffmann-La Roche and Genentech.

Immuno-priming durvalumab with bevacizumab in HER2-negative advanced breast cancer: a pilot clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Preclinical research suggests that the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in breast cancer can be enhanced by combining them with antiangiogenics, particularly in a sequential fashion. We sought to explore the efficacy and biomarkers of combining the anti-PD-L1 durvalumab plus the antiangiogenic bevacizumab after bevacizumab monotherapy for advanced HER2-negative breast cancer. METHODS: Patients had advanced HER2-negative disease that progressed while receiving single-agent bevacizumab maintenance as a part of a previous chemotherapy plus bevacizumab regimen. Treatment consisted of bi-weekly durvalumab plus bevacizumab (10 mg/kg each i.v.). Peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained before the first durvalumab dose and every 4 weeks and immunophenotyped by flow-cytometry. A fresh pre-durvalumab tumor biopsy was obtained; gene-expression studies and immunohistochemical staining to assess vascular normalization and characterize the immune infiltrate were conducted. Patients were classified as "non-progressors" if they had clinical benefit (SD/PR/CR) at 4 months. The co-primary endpoints were the changes in the percentage T cell subpopulations in PBMCs in progressors versus non-progressors, and PFS/OS time. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients were accrued. Median PFS and OS were 3.5 and 11 months; a trend for a longer OS was detected for the hormone-positive subset (19.8 versus 7.4 months in triple-negatives; P = 0.11). Clinical benefit rate at 2 and 4 months was 60% and 44%, respectively, without significant differences between hormone-positive and triple-negative (P = 0.73). Non-progressors' tumors displayed vascular normalization features as a result of previous bevacizumab, compared with generally abnormal patterns observed in progressors. Non-progressors also showed increased T-effector and T-memory signatures and decreased TREG signatures in gene expression studies in baseline-post-bevacizumab-tumors compared with progressors. Notably, analysis of PBMC populations before durvalumab treatment was concordant with the findings in tumor samples and showed a decreased percentage of circulating TREGs in non-progressors. CONCLUSIONS: This study reporting on sequential bevacizumab+durvalumab in breast cancer showed encouraging activity in a heavily pre-treated cohort. The correlative studies agree with the preclinical rationale supporting an immunopriming effect exerted by antiangiogenic treatment, probably by reducing TREGs cells both systemically and in tumor tissue. The magnitude of this benefit should be addressed in a randomized setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION: (www.clinicaltrials.gov): NCT02802098 . Registered on June 16, 2020.

Membrane disruption, but not metabolic rewiring, is the key mechanism of anticancer-action of FASN-inhibitors: a multi-omics analysis in ovarian cancer.

Fatty-acid(FA)-synthase(FASN) is a druggable lipogenic oncoprotein whose blockade causes metabolic disruption. Whether drug-induced metabolic perturbation is essential for anticancer drug-action, or is just a secondary-maybe even a defence response-is still unclear. To address this, SKOV3 and OVCAR3 ovarian cancer(OC) cell lines with clear cell and serous histology, two main OC subtypes, were exposed to FASN-inhibitor G28UCM. Growth-inhibition was compared with treatment-induced cell-metabolomes, lipidomes, proteomes and kinomes. SKOV3 and OVCAR3 were equally sensitive to low-dose G28UCM, but SKOV3 was more resistant than OVCAR3 to higher concentrations. Metabolite levels generally decreased upon treatment, but individual acylcarnitines, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, amino-acids, biogenic amines, and monosaccharides reacted differently. Drug-induced effects on central-carbon-metabolism and oxidative-phosphorylation (OXPHOS) were essentially different in the two cell lines, since drug-naïve SKOV3 are known to prefer glycolysis, while OVCAR3 favour OXPHOS. Moreover, drug-dependent increase of desaturases and polyunsaturated-fatty-acids (PUFAs) were more pronounced in SKOV3 and appear to correlate with G28UCM-tolerance. In contrast, expression and phosphorylation of proteins that control apoptosis, FA synthesis and membrane-related processes (beta-oxidation, membrane-maintenance, transport, translation, signalling and stress-response) were concordantly affected. Overall, membrane-disruption and second-messenger-silencing were crucial for anticancer drug-action, while metabolic-rewiring was only secondary and may support high-dose-FASN-inhibitor-tolerance. These findings may guide future anti-metabolic cancer intervention.

A new role for circulating T follicular helper cells in humoral response to anti-PD-1 therapy.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies in humans and is a major cause of death. A number of therapies aimed at reinforcing antitumor immune response, including antiprogrammed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1) antibodies, are successfully used to treat several neoplasias as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, host immune mechanisms that participate in response to anti-PD-1 therapy are not completely understood. METHODS: We used a syngeneic immunocompetent mouse model of NSCLC to analyze host immune response to anti-PD-1 treatment in secondary lymphoid organs, peripheral blood and tumors, by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In addition, we also studied specific characteristics of selected immune subpopulations in ex vivo functional assays. RESULTS: We show that anti-PD-1 therapy induces a population of circulating T follicular helper cells (cTfh) with enhanced B activation capacity, which participates in tumor response to treatment. Anti-PD-1 increases the number of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), which correlates with impaired tumor growth. Of note, TLS support cTfh-associated local antibody production, which participates in host immune response against tumor. CONCLUSION: These findings unveil a novel mechanism of action for anti-PD-1 therapy and provide new targets for optimization of current therapies against lung cancer.

When should we order a next generation sequencing test in a patient with cancer?

Technical advances in genome sequencing and the implementation of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in clinical oncology have paved the way for individualizing cancer patient therapy based on molecular profiles. When and how to use NGS testing in the clinic is at present an unsolved issue, although new research results provide evidence favoring this approach in some types of advanced cancer. Clinical research is evolving rapidly, from basket and umbrella trials to adaptative design precision oncology clinical studies, and genomic and molecular data often displace the classical clinical validation procedures of biomarkers. In this context, physicians must be aware of the clinical evidence behind these new biomarkers and NGS tests available, in order to use them in the right moment, and with a critical point of view. This review will present the status of currently available targeted drugs that can be effective based on actionable molecular alterations, and the NGS tests that are currently available, offering a practical guide for the application of Clinical Precision Oncology in the real world routine practice.

Epigenetic Regulation of Gfi1 in Endocrine-Related Cancers: a Role Regulating Tumor Growth.

Prostate and breast cancer constitute the most common cancers among men and women worldwide. The aging population is one of the main risk factors for prostate and breast cancer development and accumulating studies link aging with epigenetic changes. Growth factor independence-1 (Gfi1) is a transcriptional repressor with an important role in human malignancies, including leukemia, colorectal carcinoma, and lung cancer, but its role in prostate and breast cancer is unknown. We have found that Gfi1 epigenetic silencing is a common event in prostate and breast cancer. Gfi1 re-expression in prostate and breast cancer cell lines displaying Gfi1 epigenetic silencing decreases cell proliferation, reduced colony formation density, and tumor growth in nude mice xenografts. In addition, we found that Gfi1 repress alpha 1-anti-trypsin (AAT) and alpha 1-anti-chymotrypsin (ACT) expression, two genes with important functions in cancer development, suggesting that Gfi1 silencing promotes tumor growth by increasing AAT and ACT expression in our system. Finally, Gfi1 epigenetic silencing could be a promising biomarker for prostate cancer progression because it is associated with shorter disease-free survival. In conclusion, our findings strongly indicate that Gfi1 epigenetic silencing in prostate and breast cancer could be a crucial step in the development of these two-well characterized endocrine related tumors.

Effect of excess weight and immune-related adverse events on the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy with anti-PD-1 antibodies.

Immunotherapy is an effective treatment in advanced cancer, although predictors of response are limited. We studied whether excess weight influences the efficacy outcomes of immunotherapy. We have also evaluated the combined prognostic effect of excess weight and immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Efficacy of anti-PD-1 treatment was evaluated with both objective radiological response (ORR) rate and progression-free survival (PFS), and toxicity with irAEs. We studied the association between excess weight and ORR, PFS or irAEs. 132 patients diagnosed with advanced cancer were included. Median body mass index (BMI) was 24.9 kg/m2. 64 patients had normal weight (BMI<25 kg/m2), and 64 patients had excess weight (BMI≥25 kg/m2). Four patients had underweight and were excluded from further analysis. ORR was achieved in 50 patients (38.0%), median PFS was 6 months. 44 patients developed irAEs (33.3%). ORR was higher in excess weight patients than in patients with normal weight (51.6% vs 25.0%; OR 3.45, p = .0009). PFS was improved in patients with excess weight (7.25 months vs 4 months, HR 1.72, p = .01). The incidence of IrAEs was not different in patients with excess weight (54.5% vs 43.2%, p = .21). When high BMI and irAEs were combined, we observed a marked prognostic trend in ORR rate (87.5% vs 6.2%; OR 161.0, p < .00001), and in PFS (14 months vs 3 months; HR 5.89, p < .0001). Excess weight patients with advanced cancer that receive single-agent anti-PD-1 antibody therapy exhibit a significantly improved clinical outcome compared with normal BMI patients. This association was especially marked when BMI and irAEs were considered combined.